Extension géographique des populations ovipares de Lacerta vivipara

In the north-west of Spain and in the south-west of France (Aquitaine and Pyrénées) Laceria vivipara is oviparous. These oviparous populations seem to be isolated from the viviparous populations located further north in France (Massif central and Brittany). The authors suggest that the ecological changes that took place during the quaternary glaciations could well explain the evolution of viviparity and the occurrence of isolated oviparous populations in Laceria vivipara.Heulin Benoît, Guillaume Claude. Extension géographique des populations ovipares de Lacerta vivipara. In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 44, n°3, 1989. pp. 283-289

Phylogéographie du lézard Zootoca vivipara et évolution de la viviparité

Le lézard vivipare, Zootoca vivipara, est une des rares espèces de squamates présentant une bimodalité de reproduction. Il s'agit d'un modèle idéal pour l'étude des facteurs ayant favorisé l'évolution de la viviparité chez les squamates. Nous avons donc essayé de reconstruire l'histoire de l'évolution de la viviparité chez Zootoca vivipara. Dans un premier temps, une analyse phylogénétique basée sur des marqueurs mitochondriaux (séquençage de l'ADNmt) et nucléaires (AFLP) a été menée afin de déterminer le nombre de lignées ovipares et vivipares présentes chez cette espèce et les relations phylogénétiques existant entre ces lignées. Grâce à cette étude, nous avons identifié deux lignées ovipares et quatre lignées vivipares distinctes. Plusieurs transitions entre modes de reproductions ont été identifiées et l'hypothèse la plus parcimonieuse suggère qu'il s'est produit une seule origine de la viviparité suivie d'une réversion vers l'oviparité. Une étude phylogéographique et la datation des divergences entre lignées suggèrent que les glaciations du Pléistocène ont eu une influence majeure sur l'histoire évolutive de l'espèce. Les fragmentations associées à ces glaciations ont probablement été à l'origine de la différenciation des différentes lignées dans trois refuges principaux (péninsules ibérique, italienne et balkanique). L'utilisation de marqueurs nucléaires (AFLP) a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence d'introgressions entre lignées dans les zones où ces lignées sont entrées en contact au cours de leur expansion post-glaciaire.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Development of 34 new and multiplexing of seven existing microsatellite loci for Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Development of 34 new and multiplexing of seven existing microsatellite loci for Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae). Few microsatellite loci exist for the European common lizard Zootoca vivipara, a widely used model species for studying population dynamics, sexual selection, population genetics, parity evolution, and physiology. The existing primers did not amplify in all lineages, and multiplexes were not optimised. In this work, a total of 34 new polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed for this species and tested in 64 specimens belonging to oviparous and viviparous clades (B and D). The microsatellites were combined into seven different multiplexes. Results showed that all but one loci successfully amplified in all samples and both clades. The number of alleles detected per locus ranged from seven to 22 alleles and the effective number from 1.58 to 7.82. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.312 to 0.930, showing that all loci were highly variable. Oviparous and viviparous clades exhibited significant genetic differences (in FST). In addition to these new markers, the 7 previously published and widely used microsatellite loci have been multiplexed and tested in oviparous clades. All these innovations will allow for time-saving and robust analyses in Zootoca vivipara, boosting evolutionary and population studies and easing paternity analyses.Jose L. Horreo was supported by a FICYT Clarín-EU Marie Curie Co-Found (ACA14-26) and a Spanish MINECO postdoc grant FPDI-2013-16116. Project funds were provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PPOOP3_128375, PP00P3_152929/1 to P. S. Fitze). Benoit Heulin was funded by the French National Research Center (CNRS).Peer Reviewe

Genetic introgression among differentiated clades is lower among clades exhibiting different parity modes

International audienceMechanisms leading to sympatric speciation are diverse and may build up reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation among differentiated clades may exist due to genetic incompatibilities, sexual selection, differences in parity mode, reduced post-zygotic survival or reproductive success of hybrids. Here, we test whether differences in parity mode lead to reproductive isolation by investigating introgression in Zootoca vivipara, a lizard species exhibiting oviparous and viviparous reproduction. We measured introgression in transects spanning different viviparous clades, different oviparous subclades, transects containing oviparous and viviparous clades, and transects within the same subclade (control transects). Introgression in transects spanning oviparous and viviparous clades was one order of magnitude smaller than transects spanning the same reproductive mode and no statistical differences existed between transects spanning the same reproductive mode and control transects. Among types of transects, no significant differences existed in genetic and geographic distances, nor number of detected alleles. Moreover, hybrids were detected in all types of transects, showing that parity mode alone does not necessarily lead to complete reproductive isolation, which suggests that reinforcement may play an important role. The evolution of different parity modes together with reinforcement may thus promote reproductive isolation and rapid speciation, potentially explaining why only six of the almost 40,000 vertebrates belonging to groups consisting of viviparous and oviparous species exhibit bimodal reproduction

Phylogeography, evolutionary history, and effects of glaciations in a species (Zootoca vivipara) inhabiting multiple biogeographic regions

[Aim]: During glaciations, the distribution of temperate species inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere generally contracts into southern refugia; and in boreo‐alpine species of the Northern Hemisphere, expansion from Northern refugia is the general rule. Little is known about the drivers explaining vast distributions of species inhabiting multiple biogeographic regions (major biogeographic regions defined by the European Environmental Agency). Here we investigate the fine‐scale phylogeography and evolutionary history of the Eurasian common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), the terrestrial reptile with the world's widest and highest latitudinal distribution, that inhabits multiple biogeographic regions.[Location]: Eurasia.[Methods]: We generated the largest molecular dataset to date of Z. vivipara, ran phylogenetic analyses, reconstructed its evolutionary history, determined the location of glacial refuges and reconstructed ancestral biogeographic regions.[Results]: The phylogenetic analyses revealed a complex evolutionary history, driven by expansions and contractions of the distribution due to glacials and interglacials, and the colonization of new biogeographic regions by all lineages of Z. vivipara. Many glacial refugia were detected, most were located close to the southern limit of the Last Glacial Maximum. Two subclades recolonized large areas covered by permafrost during the last glaciation: namely, Western and Northern Europe and North‐Eastern Europe and Asia.[Main conclusions]: In Z. vivipara, most of the glacial refugia were located in the South of their current distribution. Previous studies suggested the existence of Northern refuges, but the species' inability to overwinter on permafrost and the lack of genetic support suggest that the presence of a refugia in the north of the Alps is unlikely. This species currently inhabits boreo‐alpine climates and retracted during previous glaciations into southern refugia, as temperate species. Two clades exhibited enormous geographic expansion that started from two distinct glacial refugia. These phylogeographic patterns were highly congruent with those of Vipera berus. Together they suggest that glacial retraction, the location of the refugia and absence of competition may have promoted the enormous geographic expansion of two clades.We thank M. Urieta for help during sampling of Z. vivipara. J.L. Horreo was supported by two Spanish MINECO post‐doc grants (FPDI‐2013‐16116 and IJCI‐2015‐23618). W. Mayer and M.L.A. Ceirans provided samples. Project funds were provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PPOOP3_128375, PP00P3_152929/1 to P.S.F.), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (CGL2008‐01522, CGL2012‐32459, CGL2016‐76918 to P.S.F.), and the Academy of Finland (grant no. 7108955 to T. Oksanen).Peer Reviewe